Detection of mutations in bacteria and of DNA damage and amplified DNA sequences in mammalian cells as a systematic test strategy for elucidating biological activities of chemical carcinogens

Abstract The interdisciplinary evaluation of risks from carcinogens utilizes, inter alia , data on the activities of the compounds in short-term assays. A systematic approach is being used to determine (a) mutagenesis in bacteria (the study of direct activities and specific modes of metabolic activation), (b) DNA damage within primary mammalian cells (DNA single-strand breaks and persistence of damage, by a method extendable to the in vivo situation) and (c) amplified DNA sequences in cultured cells (as an endpoint probably relevant to carcinogenesis). This test combination was expected to reduce some of the shortcomings of other batteries of tests, which suffer from a lack of appropriate metabolic conversion of compounds, irrelevancy of genetic endpoints and pharmacokinetic limitations. Furthermore, as each assay in the test strategy differs from the others only by one of the parameters described above, a reasonable understanding of divergent test results from assay to assay was anticipated. Several substances were investigated to elucidate why their activities in short-term assays and in carcinogenesis experiments do not correlate. The substances were N -nitrodimethylamine, for which formaldehyde is the reactive intermediate in bacterial mutagenesis but not in mammalian cells or in vivo , N -nitrosodiethanolamine, a carcinogen that must be activated by external alcohol dehydrogenase to be mutagenic in bacteria, N -nitrosodialkylamines, with unique organotropism in vivo for which organ-specific activation was studied in vitro , N -nitroso compounds that are inactivated in vivo but not in vitro , and components of the aristolochic acid mixture which may be metabolized oxidatively or reductively, as well as numerous miscellaneous compounds that were expected to be genotoxins on account of their chemical structure. In addition to the assessment of genotoxicity, the results obtained in individual tests of this strategy yield important data on mechanisms of activity, such as organ-specific activation and deactivation, species variations, in vitro/in vivo correlation and persistence or repair of damage.