On Priming Action: Conclusions from a Meta-Analysis of the Behavioral Effects of Incidentally-Presented Words

This paper presents a summary of the conclusions drawn from a meta-analysis of the behavioral impact of presenting words connected to an action or a goal representation [ 1 ]. The average and distribution of 352 effect sizes from 133 studies (84 reports) revealed a small behavioral priming effect ( d YE  = 0.332, d RE  = 0.352), which was robust across methodological procedures and only minimally biased by the publication of positive (vs. negative) results. More valued behavior or goal concepts (e.g. associated with important outcomes or values) were associated with stronger priming effects than were less valued behaviors. In addition, opportunities for goal satisfaction appeared to decrease priming effects.