A statistics-based forward osmosis membrane characterization method without pressurized reverse osmosis experiment

Abstract A simple forward osmosis (FO) membrane characterization method was developed based on the combination of a single FO test and a statistical approach to avoid the pressurized reverse osmosis (RO) test, which may damage the tested FO membrane or misread the membrane characteristics. The single FO test measures water and reverse solute flux ( J w and J s , respectively) in the active layer facing feed solution (AL-FS) mode using deionized water as feed and sodium chloride as draw solute. The statistical approach finds the most appropriate water permeability ( A ), salt permeability ( B ), and the resistance to salt diffusion within the support layer ( K ICP ) of the tested FO membrane to predict J w and J s using both internal concentration polarization (ICP) and external concentration polarization (ECP) models. Verifications using various experimental results in this work and other literatures reveal that the developed FO membrane characterization method determines more reliable parameters ( A , B , and K ICP ) than the conventional characterization method based on the RO experiment to predict the experimental J w and J s in FO processes. Consideration of ECP helps to determine more accurate FO membrane parameters (especially K ICP ), but it is difficult to properly model ECP suitable for the tested FO membrane channel.