Financial inclusion, bank ownership, and economy performance: Evidence from developing countries

Abstract This study analyzes financial inclusion and bank ownership structure's macro impact, using data from 44 developing countries over 2004-2017. Although foreign bank participation enhances the banking sector's efficiency, the benefits decline with circumscribed and exclusory intermediation, resulting in reduced per capita GDP and output growth. Use of and access to financial services and products, including ATMs availability and depositor accounts, positively impact economic performance. To positively impact the economy, financial inclusion and bank ownership require a minimum level of institutional quality.