Cooling Methods for Solar Photovoltaic Modules Using Phase Change Materials: A Review

Solar photovoltaic panels have emerged as a potential alternative to conventional sources of power generation due to recent technological advancements and market competitiveness. However, their conversion efficiency is generally low, and it suffers considerably with continuous increment in module temperature during operation. Most commonly used crystalline silicon module provides a conversion efficiency of nearly 20% at standard operating conditions, i.e., at 25 °C. However, the actual conversion efficiency of such a module is less than 20% as the operating temperature is normally much higher than 25 °C in real conditions. High operating temperature results in low conversion efficiency, reduced electrical power output, and reduced life span of the module. Therefore, an efficient cooling system is required to maintain low module temperature by extracting heat away from the module. In current scenario, a popular method among researchers is to use phase change materials (PCMs) on back of PV modules to store excess heat. PCMs are suitable for PV module cooling as they are capable of storing substantial amount of thermal energy without using any external power. Industrial grade paraffins, capric acid, palmitic acid, lauric acid, and few salt hydrates have been used by researchers in various configurations. This research paper aims to review and summarize recent research works which utilize phase change materials in various design configurations to manage thermal behavior of PV modules in order to maximize their conversion efficiency. PCMs with active cooling and studies on various techniques to improve heat transfer characteristics of PCMs have also been included.