Device and method for calibrating consistency of emission shaft and receiving shaft of space optical communication system

The invention provides a device and method for calibrating the consistency of an emission shaft and a receiving shaft of a space optical communication system, for accurately measuring the difference between the emission shaft and the receiving shaft of a space optical communication terminal machine, calibrating the coaxiality parameter of the emission shaft and the receiving shaft of the space optical communication system and satisfying the high-precision aiming and tracking requirements of the space optical communication system. By using the scheme provided by the invention, through arranging high-precision parallel reference light beams, after light splitting through a the beam splitter mirror, one path of the light beams is expanded to be a measuring light beam through a high-magnification light beam transformation system, one path is taken as a reference, the orientation information of the emission shaft and the receiving shaft of the space optical communication terminal machine can be directly measured by a QD detector, and when a system effective focal length is 20 m, the position measuring precision is 1 [mu]m, and the system measuring precision can reach 0.05 urad.