Spike-Timing-Dependent Back Propagation in Deep Spiking Neural Networks.

The success of Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) can be attributed to its deep structure, that learns invariant feature representation at multiple levels of abstraction. Brain-inspired Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) use spatiotemporal spike patterns to encode and transmit information, which is biologically realistic, and suitable for ultra-low-power event-driven neuromorphic implementation. Therefore, Deep Spiking Neural Networks (DSNNs) represent a promising direction in artificial intelligence, with the potential to benefit from the best of both worlds. However, the training of DSNNs is challenging because standard error back-propagation (BP) algorithms are not directly applicable. In this paper, we first establish an understanding of why error back-propagation does not work well in DSNNs. To address this problem, we propose a simple yet efficient Rectified Linear Postsynaptic Potential function (ReL-PSP) for spiking neurons and propose a Spike-Timing-Dependent Back-Propagation (STDBP) learning algorithm for DSNNs. In the proposed learning algorithm, the timing of individual spikes is used to carry information (temporal coding), and learning (back-propagation) is performed based on spike timing in an event-driven manner. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed learning algorithm achieves state-of-the-art performance in spike time based learning algorithms of SNNs. This work investigates the contribution of dynamics in spike timing to information encoding, synaptic plasticity and decision making, providing a new perspective to design of future DSNNs.