Structural basis of the differential binding of engineered knottins to integrins αVβ3 and α5β1

Targeting both integrins αVβ3 and α5β1 simultaneously appears to be more effective in cancer therapy than targeting each one alone. The structural requirements for bispecific binding of ligand to integrins has not been fully elucidated. RGD-containing knottin 2.5F binds selectively to αVβ3 and α5β1, whereas knottin 2.5D is αVβ3-specific. To elucidate the structural basis of this selectivity, we determined the structures of 2.5F and 2.5D as apo-proteins and in complex with αVβ3, and compared their interactions with integrins using molecular dynamics simulations. These studies show that 2.5D engages αVβ3 by an induced fit, but conformational selection of a flexible RGD loop accounts for high affinity selective binding of 2.5F to both integrins. The contrasting binding of the highly flexible low affinity linear RGD peptides to multiple integrins, suggests that a "Goldilocks zone" of conformational flexibility of the RGD loop in 2.5F underlies its selective binding promiscuity to integrins.