Review Article The complex interplay between autophagy and NF-B signaling pathways in cancer cells

Tight regulation of both the NF-B pathway and the autophagy process is necessary for maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Deregulation of both pathways is frequently observed in cancer cells and is associated with tumorigenesis and tumor cell resistance to cancer therapies. Autophagy is involved in several cellular functions regu- lated by NF-B including cell survival, differentiation, senescence, inflammation, and immunity. On a molecular level, autophagy and NF-B share common upstream signals and regulators and can control each other through positive or negative feedback loops, thus ensuring homeostatic responses. Here, we summarize and discuss the most recent discoveries that shed new light on the complex interplay between autophagy and NF-B signaling pathways; this cer- tainly has functional relevance in tumorigenesis and tumor responses to therapy.