Modification of Azobenzenes by Cross-Coupling Reactions

Azobenzenes are among the most extensively used molecular switches for many different applications. The need to tailor them to the required task often requires further functionalization. Cross-coupling reactions are ideally suited for late-stage modifications. This review provides an overview of recent developments in the modification of azobenzene and its derivatives by cross-coupling reactions. 1 Introduction 2 Azobenzenes as Formally Electrophilic Components 2.1 Palladium Catalysis 2.2 Nickel Catalysis 2.3 Copper Catalysis 2.4 Cobalt Catalysis 3 Azobenzenes as Formally Nucleophilic Components 3.1 Palladium Catalysis 3.2 Copper Catalysis 3.3 C–H Activation Reactions 4 Azobenzenes as Ligands in Catalysts 5 Diazocines 5.1 Synthesis 5.2 Cross-Coupling Reactions 6 Conclusion