Illumina sequencing of 18S/16S rRNA reveals microbial community composition, diversity, and potential pathogens in turfgrass seeds.

The increasing need for turfgrass seeds is coupled with the high risk of dangerous microbial pathogens being transmitted through the domestic and international trade of seeds. Concerns continue to be raised about seed safety and quality. Here, we show that the next-generation sequencing (NGS) of DNA represents an effective and reliable tactic to monitor the microbial communities within turfgrass seeds. A comparison of DNA sequence data with reference databases revealed the presence of 26 different fungal orders. Among them, serious plant disease pathogens such as Bipolaris sorokiniana, Boeremia exigua, Claviceps purpurea, and Rhizoctonia zeae were detected. Seedborne bacteria, including Erwinia persicina and Acidovorax avenae, were identified from different bacterial orders. Our study indicated that the traditional culturing method and the NGS approach are complementary to each other for pathogen identification. The reliability of culturing and NGS methods was further validated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with specific primers. The combination of these different techniques ensures maximum sensitivity and specificity for turfgrass seed pathogen testing assay.