Vectors of Plant Viruses of Crop Plants in Southeast Asia

Plant viruses are transmitted by aphids, whiteflies, leafhoppers, plant hoppers, thrips, mites, fungi, and nematodes mainly from one host plant to another. These have been classified as non-persistent, semi-persistent, and persistent, depending on the length of the period the vector that can harbour infectious particles, which can range from minutes to hours (nonpersistent) to days (semipersistent) and to lifetime and even inheritance by the insect progeny (persistent). Aphids are the vectors for the nonpersistent viruses. Some aphids, leaf hoppers, thrips, and whiteflies are the vectors for different viruses that fit in the persistent category.