Energy autonomous sensor systems: State and perspectives of a ubiquitous sensor technology

Recent years have seen a strong focus of the IC research community towards increasing the energy efficiency of electronic systems. This continued effort has involved all kinds of electronic functions: DSPs (reaching the 10µW/MMAC according Gene's law), data converters (the FOM of recent ADCs is better than 50fJ/conversion), radios (reaching the level of 3nJ per received-transmitted bit).