Water freezing at outdoor temperatures higher than 0 °C by the effect of radiative cooling

A numerical analysis is adopted to construct a diagram for estimating freezing of thin water layers at outdoor temperatures higher than 0 °C by the effect of radiative cooling. Freezing is affected significantly by the wind-temperature and - velocity as well as cloud temperature which are encountered in winter seasons. On a fine day, the observed outdoor freezing data show fairly good agreement with the present diagram.