Analyzing Morphological Properties of Early-Stage Toxic Amyloid β Oligomers by Atomic Force Microscopy.

Protein misfolding diseases, like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's disease, are associated with misfolded protein aggregation. Alzheimer's disease is related to a progressive neuronal death induced by small amyloid β oligomers. Here, we describe the procedure to prepare and identify different types of small toxic amyloid β oligomers by atomic force microscopy (AFM).