Association of low-level environmental exposure to cadmium and lead with gout flare using a cohort study design

2021 
Abstract Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) are toxic heavy metals with endocrine-disrupting properties. We investigated the associations of low-level environmental exposure to Cd/Pb and gout status (intercritical gout, gout flare and combined gout) in a cohort study. We measured by ICP-MS the levels of Cd and Pb in blood (Cd–B and Pb–B) and urine (Cd–U and Pb–U) from 408 participants with blood and 346 participants with urine samples recruited from a hospital gout clinic. The median levels of Cd–B and Pb–B (in μg/L) in the gout flare group were 0.87 (range 0.41–2.49) and 31.54 (25.38–41.46), respectively, and the median levels of Cd–U and Pb–U in the gout flare group were 1.05 (0.69–1.91) and 3.86 (3.49–4.44), respectively. These medians were significantly higher than those in the control or intercritical groups (P
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