(2S,4S)-4-Fluoro-1-{[(2-hydroxy-1,1-dimethylethyl)amino]acetyl}-pyrrolidine-2-carbonitrile monobenzenesulfonate (TS-021) is a selective and reversible dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor

Abstract The incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) has significant roles in the regulation of postprandial glucose metabolism, and the active form of GLP-1 is rapidly degraded by dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-IV. Therefore, DPP-IV inhibition is a promising approach for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. In the present study, we investigated the character of a DPP-IV inhibitor, TS-021, (2 S , 4 S )-4-fluoro-1-{[(2-hydroxy-1,1-dimethylethyl)amino]acetyl}-pyrrolidine-2-carbonitrile monobenzenesulfonate both in vitro and in vivo. TS-021 inhibits DPP-IV activity in human plasma with an IC 50 value of 5.34 nM. In kinetics experiments, TS-021 had a relatively higher dissociation rate constant, with a k off value of 1.09 × 10 −3  s, despite exhibiting a potent human plasma DPP-IV inhibition activity with a K i value of 4.96 nM. TS-021 exhibited significant inhibition selectivity against DPP-8 (> 600 fold), DPP-9 (> 1200 fold) and other peptidases examined (> 15,000 fold). In normal rats, dogs and monkeys, a single oral dose of TS-021 exhibited favorable pharmacokinetic profiles. In Zucker fatty ( fa/fa ) rats, a rat model of obesity and impaired glucose tolerance, the oral administration of TS-021 resulted in the suppression of plasma DPP-IV activity and an increase in the active form of GLP-1. Furthermore, TS-021 exhibited a significant improvement in glucose tolerance by increasing the plasma insulin level during oral glucose tolerance tests at doses of 0.02–0.5 mg/kg. These results suggest that TS-021 is a selective and reversible dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor and has excellent characteristics as an oral anti-diabetic agent for postprandial hyperglycemia in patients with impaired glucose tolerance or type 2 diabetes.