FluorousSoluble Cyanine Dyes for Visualizing Perfluorocarbonsin Living Systems
2020
The
bioorthogonal nature of perfluorocarbons provides a unique
platform for introducing dynamic nano- and microdroplets into cells
and organisms. To monitor the localization and deformation of the
droplets, fluorous soluble fluorophores that are compatible
with standard fluorescent protein markers and applicable to cells,
tissues, and small organisms are necessary. Here, we introduce fluorous
cyanine dyes that represent the most red-shifted fluorous soluble
fluorophores to date. We study the effect of covalently appended
fluorous tags on the cyanine scaffold and evaluate the changes in
photophysical properties imparted by the fluorous phase. Ultimately,
we showcase the utility of the fluorous soluble pentamethine cyanine
dye for tracking the localization of perfluorocarbon nanoemulsions
in macrophage cells and for measurements of mechanical forces in multicellular
spheroids and zebrafish embryonic tissues. These studies demonstrate
that the red-shifted cyanine dyes offer spectral flexibility in multiplexed
imaging experiments and enhanced precision in force measurements.
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