Ecotoxicity assessment of sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate and its micro-sized metal chelates in Caenorhabditis elegans

Abstract Sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate (SDDC) is a widely used heavy metal chelating agent in harmless treatment of wastewater and hazardous waste, but SDDC and its heavy metal chelates may leak into the environment and bring potential ecological risks. In this study, the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans was used to evaluate the toxic effect of SDDC and its heavy metal Cu, Pb chelates. Multiple endpoints were investigated by subacute exposure to SDDC (0.01–100 mg/L) and micro-sized Cu, Pb chelates of SDDC (1–100 mg/L). Our data indicated that the LC50 value of SDDC was 139.39 mg/L (95% Cl: 111.03, 174.75 mg/L). In addition, SDDC was found that concentration of 1 mg/L is a safe limit value for nematode C. elegans, and concentration above 1 mg/L caused adverse effects on the survival, growth, locomotion behaviors and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production of exposed nematodes. Furthermore, all tested SDDC-Cu and SDDC-Pb chelates had obviously lower toxic effect than untreated Cu, Pb metals. These two chelates also had a lower toxic effect than SDDC agent due to its more stable structure. Moreover, SDDC-Cu had a higher toxic effect than SDDC-Pb at the same concentration. Thus, our results suggest that SDDC as a kind of chelating agent applied in harmless treatment of heavy metals, the safe addition limit should not be exceeded. List of abbreviations. C. elegans Caenorhabditis elegans CGC Caenorhabditis Genetics Center DA Dopaminergic DTC Dithiocarbamate acid E. coli OP50 Escherichia coli OP50 MSWI Municipal solid waste incineration NGM Nematode growth medium PD Parkinson's disease ROS Reactive oxygen species SDDC Sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate SEM Standard error of the mean S/S Solidification/stabilization