Dual ionic gate transistor: a device to induce extreme electric fields in 2D materials.

We demonstrate a new type of dual gate transistor to induce record electric fields through two-dimensional materials (2DMs). At the heart of this device is a 2DM suspended between two volumes of ionic liquid (IL) with independently controlled potentials. The potential difference between the ILs falls across an ultrathin layer consisting of the 2DM and the electrical double layers above and below it, thereby producing an intense electric field across the 2DM. We determine the field strength via i) direct measurements of electrochemical potentials of the ILs and ii) electrical transport measurements of a semiconducting 2DM, bilayer WSe2. The field strength across the material reaches ~3 V/nm, the largest static electric field through any electronic device to date. We demonstrate that this field is strong enough to close the bandgap of bilayer WSe2 driving a semiconductor-to-metal transition. Our approach grants access to previously-inaccessible phenomena occurring in ultrastrong electric fields.