How strong can the Parrondo effect be

Parrondo’s coin-tossing games were introduced as a toy model of the flashing Brownian ratchet in statistical physics but have emerged as a paradigm for a much broader phenomenon that occurs if there is a reversal in direction in some system parameter when two similar dynamics are combined. Our focus here, however, is on the original Parrondo games, usually labeled A and B . We show that if the parameters of the games are allowed to be arbitrary, subject to a fairness constraint, and if the two (fair) games A and B are played in an arbitrary periodic sequence, then the rate of profit can not only be positive (the so-called Parrondo effect), but can also be arbitrarily close to 1 (i.e. 100%).