Recent advances in emerging techniques for non-destructive detection of seed viability: A review

Abstract Over the past decades, imaging and spectroscopy techniques have been developed rapidly with widespread applications in non-destructive agro-food quality determination. Seeds are one of the most fundamental elements of agriculture and forestry. Seed viability is of great significance in seed quality characteristics reflecting potential seed germination, and there is a great need for a quick and effective method to determine the germination condition and viability of seeds prior to cultivate, sale and plant. Some researches based on spectra and/or image processing and analysis have been explored in terms of the external and internal quality of a variety of seeds. Many attempts have been made in image segmentation and spectra correction methods to predict seed quality using various traditional and novel methods. This review focuses on the comparative introduction, development and applications of emerging techniques in the analysis of seed viability, in particular, near infrared spectroscopy, hyperspectral and multispectral imaging, Raman spectroscopy, infrared thermography, and soft X-ray imaging methods. The basic theories, principle components, relative chemometric processing, analytical methods and prediction accuracies are reported and compared. Additionally, on the foundation of the observed applications, the technical challenges and future outlook for these emerging techniques are also discussed.