Solidification of Metals

The characteristics of metallic atoms are explained together with their behavior from the gaseous to the solid states, from a thermodynamic point of view. Crystalline systems and calculations related to packaging, volume change, and lattice during solidification are analyzed. The phenomenon of solidification of a metal is explained using thermodynamics of bonding during cooling and its resulting crystalline structure and grain microstructure are presented in a general fashion. Finally, the stiffness of the atomic bond is analyzed as a function of temperature and the relationship between melting point, heat treatments, and deformation temperatures are explained.