Geometrical Laguerre-Gaussian mode generation from an off-axis pumped Nd:GdVO4 degenerate laser

Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) modes [1] , [2] carry an annual spatial profile and a nonzero orbital angular momentum (OAM) owing to their on-axis phase singularity, and they offer us many applications, such as optical trapping and manipulation, laser nano/micro fabrication, super-resolution microscope, and optical communication.