MGS TES observations of the water vapor in the Martian southern polar atmosphere during spring and summer

Abstract We report retrievals of atmospheric water vapor abundances in and around the South Polar Region (SPR) of Mars during spring and summer of Mars Years (MY) 24–26 (1999–2003). The retrieval utilizes infrared spectra collected by the Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) aboard the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) spacecraft. Modifications to the existing retrieval algorithm enable the first retrievals of water vapor abundances over regions covered by the seasonal CO 2 frost during spring. We present polar maps of water vapor variability in the SPR for the time periods L s  = 195°–345° in MY24–26. Water vapor behavior in the SPR in MY24 and MY26 exhibits substantial similarity in spatial distribution for the same dates and in temporal variability. Water vapor behavior in MY25 is significantly different from that in MY24 and MY26 with abundances ~30% lower around summer solstice (L s  = 270°). We hypothesize that water vapor behavior in MY25 was affected by the Global Dust Storm (GDS) that started at L s ~185° of that year and significantly affected the atmosphere of the whole planet. We speculate that the reduction in the observed vapor abundances in MY25 could have resulted from disruption of the southward atmospheric vapor transport from mid-latitudes by the GDS or from reduction of the rate of desorption of vapor from thawed circumpolar terrains due to changes in surface temperature during the GDS. Through most of the spring, highest vapor abundances are observed just northward of the retreating edge of the seasonal CO 2 cap, with generally low abundances over the seasonal cap. Repeated cycles of condensation and re-sublimation of water vapor on the edge of the retreating cap could be responsible for this build-up of vapor near the cap edge. Relatively high vapor abundances that are systematically observed over some regions of the cap in late spring could be associated with venting of the mixture of water vapor, CO 2 gas and dust from underneath the seasonal cap through fractures in the frost. We explore the evolution of the water vapor in the SPR during spring and summer using two 1-dimenional models representing two limiting cases that attribute observed changes to either atmospheric transport or surface sources. The atmospheric transport model appears to be more consistent with observations, suggesting that atmospheric transport plays the dominant role in the water vapor cycle in the SPR. However, activity of surface processes such as desorption of vapor from the regolith cannot be excluded. Comparison of the water vapor cycle during spring and summer in the SPR and the Northern Polar Region (NPR) shows that, besides the difference in the highest observed abundances, the evolution of the vapor abundances shows remarkable qualitative similarity, despite the presence of a large source of vapor during summer in the north in the form of the North Polar Residual Cap (NPRC). This suggests that the processes shaping the water cycle in the polar regions are similar in nature and differ only in strength. The new data on water vapor in the SPR, together with our previous retrievals of water vapor in the NPR, constitute a new dataset that enables testing of Martian Global Circulation Models close to the planet's poles, and enables better understanding of the difference between the Martian polar regions.