Constraints on the sulfur subduction cycle in Central America from sulfur isotope compositions of volcanic gases

Abstract The sulfur cycle at convergent margins remains poorly constrained yet is fundamentally important for understanding the redox state of Earth's reservoirs and the formation of ore deposits. In this study we investigate the sulfur isotope composition of high temperature volcanic gases emitted from the Nicaraguan (average of +4.8 ± 1.3‰) and Costa Rican (average of +2.3 ± 1.3‰) arc segments contributing to emissions from the Southern Central American Volcanic Arc (SCAVA; average of +3.8 ± 1.7‰). Along-arc variations in geochemical tracers at SCAVA are widely accepted to reflect variations in subduction parameters and deep fluid sources and correlations between these parameters and gas S isotope compositions are observed. These correlations suggest that gas emissions are sourced from a mixture of mantle S with δ34S ~ 0‰ and isotopically heavy slab-derived sulfur with δ34S ~ +8‰. We employ Monte Carlo mass balance modeling to constrain S inputs to the subduction zone and relative contributions from mantle and slab to arc gas emissions. The models indicate that bulk subduction input in Nicaragua has a S isotope composition of +1.4 ± 0.5‰ compared to −0.2 ± 0.4‰ in Costa Rica, requiring preferential release of isotopically heavy oxidized S from the slab to explain the relatively high δ34S observed in arc outputs. We show that the flux of S from the slab is sufficient to oxidize the entire mantle wedge within the lifetime of the arc, indicating that S is a primary oxidizing agent in subduction zones. Furthermore, the preferential removal of heavy S from the slab requires retention of isotopically light S in the residual slab. Subduction-scale fractionation of S isotopes is fundamentally important in explaining why Earth's bulk surface reservoirs are isotopically positive.