The ALPINE-ALMA [C II] survey: Star-formation-driven outflows and circumgalactic enrichment in the early Universe

We study the efficiency of galactic feedback in the early Universe by stacking the [C II] 158 μ m emission in a large sample of normal star-forming galaxies at 4  |≲500 km s−1 . The significance of these features increases when stacking the subset of galaxies with star formation rates (SFRs) higher than the median (SFRmed  = 25 M ⊙ yr−1 ), thus confirming their star-formation-driven nature. The estimated mass outflow rates are comparable to the SFRs, yielding mass-loading factors of the order of unity (similarly to local star-forming galaxies), suggesting that star-formation-driven feedback may play a lesser role in quenching galaxies at z  >  4. From the stacking analysis of the datacubes, we find that the combined [C II] core emission (|v | ) of the higher-SFR galaxies is extended on physical sizes of ∼30 kpc (diameter scale), well beyond the analogous [C II] core emission of lower-SFR galaxies and the stacked far-infrared continuum. The detection of such extended metal-enriched gas, likely tracing circumgalactic gas enriched by past outflows, corroborates previous similar studies, confirming that baryon cycle and gas exchanges with the circumgalactic medium are at work in normal star-forming galaxies already at early epochs.