Evaluation of fatty acids and inorganic elements by multivariate statistics for the traceability of the Sicilian Capparis spinosa L.

Abstract Capers and caper berries ( Capparis spinosa L.) from different Sicilian localities and marked by Protected Geographic Indication (PGI) and Protected Designation of Origin (PDO), along with corresponding non Sicilian commercial samples, were subjected to several analytical and multivariate techniques in an attempt to predict the provenance of Capparis spinosa L. within the Sicilian region, and to discriminate Sicilian products from the non Sicilian counterpart. All samples were screened in terms of FA composition and elemental fingerprint. Then, principal component analysis (PCA) and canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) tested the capacity of both chemical classes to differentiate and classify capers and caper berries according to the geographical provenance. About 99% of total samples were discriminated by FAs, as they did not allow for a correct geographical classification of 7 samples of capers and related caper berries. Conversely, elements provided an excellent sample discrimination and prediction over the four locations (100%), revealing specific variables of classification (Mg, K, and Ca). For the first time, a reliable traceability system based on the elemental profiles of caper and caper berries was proposed. It could be useful for protecting the authenticity of Sicilian PGI and PDO capers and caper berries.