Programmed cell death in animals and plants

APOPTOPIC CELL DEATH: FROM WORMS TO WOMBATS BUT WHAT ABOUT THE WEEDS?. The molecular mechanisms of programmed cell death in caenorhabditis elegans. Comparison with mammalian apoptosis. Plants, from arabidopsis to zinnia. General conclusions. CASPASES - AT THE CUTTING EDGE OF CELL DEATH. Introduction. Caspases and their properties. Structure of the caspases. Activation and regulation of the caspases. Evolution of the caspases. MODULATION OF DEATH RECEPTOR SIGNALLING.Introduction. Death receptors and apoptosis. Activation of death receptors by death ligands. Decoy receptors. Inhibition of death receptor by FLIP. Conclusion. THE ROLES OF THE BCL-2 FAMILY IN THE MODULATION OF APOPTOSIS. Introduction. Bcl-2 family: life or death promoters. Function of the Bcl-2 family proteins. Cellular control of the Bcl-2 family proteins. Over-expression of Bcl-2 family proteins and chemoresistance. Drug resistance in B-CLL. Strategies for inhibiting Bcl-2 function in B-CLL. Conclusions. THE ROLE OF GRANZYMES AND SERPINS IN REGULATING CELL GROWTH AND DEATH. Introduction. Introduction of apoptosis by cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells. How does granzyme B gain access to the interior of target cells. Molecular targets of granzyme B. Regulation of granzyme B by PI-9. The roles of intracellular serpins in cell growth and death. Conclusions. MITOCHINDRIA AND CELL DEATH: A PORE WAY TO DIE? Introduction. The mitochondrial permeability transition. Mitochondria and apoptosis. REGULATION OF APOPTOSIS BY CELL METABOLISM, CYTOCHROME C AND THE CYTOSKELETON. Introduction Apoptosis: the general scene. Apoptosis the cytoskeleton. Apoptosis and metabolism. Measurement of apoptosis. Apoptosis in a defined haematopoietic cell system. IL3 dependency: a universal model for life/death signalling. Final comments. ORGANELLES-SPECIFIC DEATH PATHWAYS. Introduction Bcl-2 family proteins are present on multiple subcellular compartments. ER dysfunction induces apoptosis. Apoptosis initiated at other intracellular locations. The role of subcellular apoptotic complexes. Concluding remarks. TELOMERES, TELOMERASE AND CELLUAR IMMORTILIZAITON. Introduction. Cellular or replicative senescence. Telomeres: form and function. Telomere-binding proteins. Telomerase. Telomerase and cancer. Telomerase-knockout mouse. Immortilization of normal cells by telomerase. Future prospects. BACK FROM THE BRINK: PLANT SENESCENCE AND ITS REVERSIBILITY. Many ways to get dead. Organ senescence has a cellular basis. How do senescing cells change colour?. Senescence is an energy- demanding oxidative process. Proteins are remobilized in cell senescence - but how?. Senescence is programmed. Senescence is regulated at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional level. Senescence is reversible. Post-mortem. SENESCENCE AND CELL DEATH IN BRASSIUCA NAPUS AND ARABIDOPSIS. What is senescence in plants? Senescence and programmed cell death. When is senescence induced. What happens during senescence?. Analysis of leaf senescence in B. napus. Links between different types of senescence. Expression of the senescence-enhanced metallothionein gene, LSC54. Expression of other senescence-enhanced genes. The screen for mutants. Conclusion. CYTOKININ AND ITS RECEPTORS. Introduction. Cytokinins and leaf senescence. Cytokinin receptors. ETHYLENE -TRIGGERED CELL DEATH DURING AERENCHMA FORMATION IN ROOTS. Introduction. Patterns of aerenchyma formation. Aerenchyma function. Ethylene biosynthesis and induction of cell death. Ethylene signal transduction pathways. Programmed cell death. TARGETED CELL DEATH IN XYLOGENESIS. Introduction. Plant programmed cell death. Cell death is blocked by a cathepsin B inhibitor. Conclusion. ABSCISSION AND DEHISCENCE. Introduction. Events associated with abscission. Abscission and PCD. Dehiscence. Events associated with dehiscence.Dehiscence and PCD. PCD and the manipulation of d