Evaluation of the particle sizes of four clay minerals

Abstract The particle size distributions (PSD) of four clay minerals from the US Clay Minerals Society, kaolinite, illite, Ca 2 + -montmorillonite, and Na + -montmorillonite, were analyzed using different dispersion techniques to evaluate their PSD variability and intrinsic particle sizes. Both dry dispersion in pressurized air and wet dispersion in water and ethyl alcohol with and without an interlayer expanding agent, glycerol, were employed, along with mechanical ultrasound disaggregation and chemical dispersion. Results show that all four clay minerals exhibit multimodal PSD consisting of superimposed subordinate lognormal distributions from submicron and 1–2 μm primary particles, 10–20 μm flocculi (and trace impurities). Microflocs of 50–500 μm occur only in the dry dispersion mode. Owing to the presence of relatively strong flocculi that are not prone to breakdown to smaller primary particles, the intrinsic PSD of these clay minerals cannot be readily obtained by the adopted dispersion methods. The two swelling clay minerals, Na + -montmorillonite and Ca 2 + -montmorillonite, are more sensitive than the non-swelling ones, kaolinite and illite, to different dispersion solvents. The variability of these clay minerals' PSD is further discussed in terms of the complex interactions among clay mineral particles, polar or less polar solvent, and dispersant, such as swelling, cation exchange, exfoliation, and electrical double layer repulsion. A significant practical implication is that most existing dispersion methods for PSD analysis tend to overestimate the silt-sized fraction but underestimate the clay-sized fraction, which may yield misleading classification for clay mineral-rich soils. For expansive clay minerals, appropriate dispersants should be selected to avoid cation exchange between the sample and dispersants, which can change their intrinsic PSD.