M1 macrophage-derived exosomes impair beta cell insulin secretion via miR-212-5p by targeting SIRT2 and inhibiting Akt/GSK-3β/β-catenin pathway in mice

Macrophage levels are elevated in pancreatic islets, and the resulting inflammatory response is a major contributor to beta cell failure during obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Previous studies by us and others have reported that exosomes released by macrophages play important roles in mediating cell-to-cell communication, and represent a class of inflammatory factors involved in the inflammatory process associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, to date, no reports have demonstrated the effect of macrophage-derived exosomes on beta cells, and little is known regarding their underlying mechanisms in beta cell injury. Thus, we aimed to study the impact of macrophage-derived exosomes on islet beta cell injury in vitro and in vivo. The phenotypic profiles of islet-resident macrophages were analysed in C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Exosomes were collected from the medium of cultured bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and from isolated islet-resident macrophages of HFD-fed mice (HFD-Exos). The role of exosomes secreted by inflammatory M1 phenotype BMDMs (M1-Exos) and HFD-Exos on beta cell function was assessed. An miRNA microarray and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) were conducted to test the level of M1-Exos-derived miR-212-5p in beta cells. Then, miR-212-5p was overexpressed or inhibited in M1-Exos or beta cells to determine its molecular and functional impact. M1-polarised macrophages were enriched in the islets of obese mice. M1 macrophages and islet-resident macrophages of HFD-fed mice impaired beta cell insulin secretion in an exosome-dependent manner. miR-212-5p was notably upregulated in M1-Exos and HFD-Exos. Enhancing the expression of miR-212-5p impaired beta cell insulin secretion. Blocking miR-212-5p elicited a significant improvement in M1-Exos-mediated beta cell insulin secretion during injury. Mechanistically, M1-Exos mediated an intercellular transfer of the miR-212-5p, targeting the sirtuin 2 gene and regulating the Akt/GSK-3β/β-catenin pathway in recipient beta cells to restrict insulin secretion. A novel exosome-modulated mechanism was delineated for macrophage-beta cell crosstalk that drove beta cell dysfunction and should be explored for its therapeutic utility.