Quantifying pyroconvective injection heights using observations of fire energy: sensitivity of spaceborne observations of carbon monoxide

We use observations of active fire area and fire ra- diative power (FRP) from the NASA Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometers (MODIS), together with a pa- rameterized plume rise model, to estimate biomass burn- ing injection heights during 2006. We use these injection heights in the GEOS-Chem (Goddard Earth Observing Sys- tem Chemistry) atmospheric chemistry transport model to vertically distribute biomass burning emissions of carbon monoxide (CO) and to study the resulting atmospheric dis- tribution. For 2006, we use over half a million FRP and fire area observations as input to the plume rise model. We find that convective heat fluxes and active fire area typically lie in the range of 1-100 kW m 2 and 0.001-100 ha, respec- tively, although in rare circumstances the convective heat flux can exceed 500 kW m 2 . The resulting injection heights have a skewed probability distribution with approximately 80 % of the injections remaining within the local bound- ary layer (BL), with occasional injection height exceeding 8 km. We do not find a strong correlation between the FRP- inferred surface convective heat flux and the resulting injec- tion height, with environmental conditions often acting as a barrier to rapid vertical mixing even where the convective heat flux and active fire area are large. We also do not find a robust relationship between the underlying burnt vegetation type and the injection height. We find that CO columns cal- culated using the MODIS-inferred injection height (MODIS- INJ) are typically 9 toC6 % different to the control calcu- lation in which emissions are emitted into the BL, with dif- ferences typically largest over the point of emission. After applying MOPITT (Measurement of Pollution in the Tropo- sphere) v5 scene-dependent averaging kernels we find that we are much less sensitive to our choice of injection height profile. The differences between the MOPITT and the model CO columns (max bias 50 %), due largely to uncertain- ties in emission inventories, are much larger than those in- troduced by the injection heights. We show that including a realistic diurnal variation in FRP (peaking in the afternoon) or accounting for subgrid-scale emission errors does not alter our main conclusions. Finally, we use a Bayesian maximum a posteriori approach constrained by MOPITT CO profiles to estimate the CO emissions but because of the inherent bias between model and MOPITT we find little impact on the resulting emission estimates. Studying the role of pyrocon- vection in the distribution of gases and particles in the atmo- sphere using global MOPITT CO observations (or any cur- rent spaceborne measurement of the atmosphere) is still asso- ciated with large errors, with the exception of a small subset of large fires and favourable environmental conditions, which will consequently lead to a bias in any analysis on a global scale.