The difference of urine between Brandt’s voleLasiopodomys brandtii in the breeding and non-breeding condition

Using animal house experiments we demonstrated that urine odor can elicit physiological changes in the maturation rate of Brandt’s vole (Radde, 1861). We showed that the urine of estrous females, anestrous females and non-breeding males had no effect on the time of sexual maturity of young voles. In contrast, the maturation rate of young female voles was accelerated, and the maturation rate of young male voles was slowed, by exposure to the urine of breeding adult males. Headspace analysis revealed significant differences in the levels of a subset of volatile constituents of urine from breeding and non-breeding males. From a total of 50 components, Propanoic acid, 2,5-Dimethylpyrazine, Dimethyldisulfide, 1-Octene, 1-Hexanol, Hexanoic acid and p-Xylene were observed only in the urine of breeding male Brandt’s voles. All other substances were present in the volatiles from urine of both breeding and non-breeding male Brandt’s vole.