Major elements trace hydrocarbon sources in over-mature petroleum systems: Insights from the Sinian Sichuan Basin, China

Abstract Identifying hydrocarbon sources in over-mature petroleum systems is important and challenging. Here we present a pilot study using inorganic geochemistry to trace hydrocarbon sources in the giant natural gas accumulations within the Sinian (Neoproterozoic) Dengying Formation in the Sichuan Basin, SW China. We investigated the major elements (Ti, Al, Fe, Mn, Mg, Ca, Na, K, and P) as tracers of hydrocarbon sources for the first time. Our results show that the over-mature solid bitumen in the reservoirs contains parts per million amounts of major elements in addition to carbon (i.e., organic matter). Na and K in the bitumen occur mainly in the V–Ni porphyrin form. Mn, Al, and Fe are present in the Fe porphyrin form. The behavior of P is relatively complex, and it may reside mainly in a non-porphyrin organic form. The other elements (Ti, Mg, and Ca) may be present as emulsified “invisible” nano-minerals. The Mn/Fe ratio and ternary 10Mn–Fe–P diagram can be used for hydrocarbon–source rock correlations. Based on the proxies, it is suggested that the lower Cambrian Qiongzhusi Formation was the main source of hydrocarbons in the Dengying Formation. Our data suggest that inorganic geochemistry is an effective method for the study of over-mature hydrocarbons and complements traditional organic geochemical approaches.