Near-road sampling of PM 2.5 , BC, and fine particle chemical components in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

Abstract. Semicontinuous PM 2. 5 and black carbon (BC) concentrations, and 24 h integrated PM 2. 5 filter samples were collected near roadways in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. Instruments were carried by a group of volunteer traffic police officers in the vicinity of six major roadway intersections in the Kathmandu Valley across two sampling periods in 2014. Daily PM 2. 5 filter samples were analyzed for water-soluble inorganic ions, elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC), and 24 elements. Mean PM 2. 5 and BC concentrations were 124.76 µg m −3 and 16.74 µgC m −3 during the drier spring sampling period, and 45.92 µg m −3 and 13.46 µgC m −3 during monsoonal sampling. Despite the lower monsoonal PM 2. 5 concentrations, BC and several elements were not significantly lower during the monsoon, which indicates an important contribution of vehicle-related emissions throughout both seasons in this region. During the monsoon, there was an enhanced contribution of chemical species (elements and water-soluble inorganic ions), except secondary inorganic ions, and BC to PM 2. 5 (crustal elements: 19 %; heavy metals: 5 %; and BC: 39 %) compared to those in spring (crustal elements: 9 %; heavy metals: 1 %; and BC: 18 %). Silica, calcium, aluminum, and iron were the most abundant elements during both spring and the monsoon, with total concentrations of 12.13 and 8.85 µg m −3 , respectively. PM 2. 5 and BC showed less spatial variation compared to that for individual chemical species.