Parkinson\'s disease phenotypes in patient specific brain organoids are improved by HP-β-CD treatment

The etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) is only partially understood despite the fact that environmental causes, risk factors, and specific gene mutations are contributors to the disease. Biallelic mutations in the PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) gene involved in mitochondrial homeostasis, vesicle trafficking, and autophagy, are sufficient to cause PD. By comparing PD patient-derived cells, we show differences in their energetic profile, imbalanced proliferation, apoptosis, mitophagy, and a reduced differentiation efficiency to dopaminergic neurons compared to control cells. Using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing, correction of a patient's point mutation ameliorated the metabolic properties and neuronal firing rates but without reversing the differentiation phenotype. However, treatment with 2-Hydroxypropyl-{beta}-Cyclodextrin (HP-{beta}-CD) increased the mitophagy capacity of neurons leading to an improved dopaminergic differentiation of patient specific neurons in midbrain organoids. In conclusion, we show that treatment with a repurposed compound is sufficient for restoring dopaminergic differentiation of PD patient-derived cells.