Novel insights of maize structural feature in China

Maize (Zea mays L.) is a globally important crop species that feeds much of the world’s population and possesses morphology and phenotypic diversity that allow it to be manipulated to produce more productive varieties. Breeding programs have progressively optimized the structural feature of maize plant and organ to increase yield and to improve its adaptability to global climates and environments. Maize plant and organ ideotype development, and the innovative experience of traditional breeders allow us to suggest novel structural features worthy of selection in future breeding programs, including plant type, yield organ traits, architecture of nutrient transfer and epigenetics. And important environmental factors affecting development and epigenetic memory throughout maize life history are analyzed. Comprehensive understanding of maize structural features by means of phenotypic trait panorama provides the initial theoretical foundations for breeding programs based on advanced biotechnology.