Management of Botryosphaeria canker and blight diseases of temperate zone nut crops

Abstract Species of Botryosphaeriaceae family cause detrimental damage and yield losses in perennial crops. In California, Botryosphaeriaceae species cause three major diseases, the panicle and shoot blight of pistachio; the canker, dieback, and blight of walnut; and, the band canker of almond. The control of Botryosphaeria diseases of pistachio and walnut by applying synthetic fungicides has been an effective management strategy. Conversely, because the unique disease cycle of almond band canker, attacking the almond trunk through the growth cracks, fungicide applications are not recommended for controlling this disease after expression of symptoms. Whatever the disease, integrating the different management practices, such as cultural practices, plant resistance, or biological control, is a necessity. Here, we review the available management strategies that can be used by pest control advisers and farmers of nut crops in order to control these important diseases.