Characterization of total retinoid-like activity of compounds produced by three common phytoplankton species

Abstract Phytoplankton can produce various bioactive metabolites, which may affect other organisms in the aquatic environment. This study provides the first information on the total retinoid-like activity associated with both intracellular and extracellular metabolites produced by selected phytoplankton species that could play a role in teratogenic effects and developmental disruption in exposed organisms. The studied species included a coccoid cyanobacteria ( Microcystis aeruginosa ), a filamentous cyanobacteria ( Aphanizomenon gracile ) and a green alga ( Desmodesmus quadricauda ), all of which commonly occur in freshwater bodies in Europe. Methanolic extracts from cellular material and extracellular exudates were prepared from cultures cultivated in two light-intensity variants with five replicates for each species. The retinoid-like activity was evaluated by in vitro assays along with chemical analyses of two potent retinoic acids (all- trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and 9cis-RA). The mean total retinoid-like activity of metabolites produced by the three studied species representing different phytoplankton taxonomic groups ranged from 705 to 5572 ng ATRA equivalent/g dry matter corresponding to 0.064–0.234 ng ATRA/10 6 cells. Retinoid-like activity was found in the cellular extracts of all species, while only the extracellular exudates of cyanobacteria exhibited detectable activity (41–1081 ng ATRA/L). The greatest extracellular as well as total (extra- and intra- cellular together) retinoid-like activity was detected for Microcystis aeruginosa . The two potent retinoic acids studied were more frequently detected in cellular extracts than in extracellular exudates of all species. Their contribution to observed in vitro effects was relatively low for all tested samples ( The recalculation of the results per dry weight, water volume, per 10 6 cells and biovolume enables a direct comparison of the retinoid-like activity distribution between extracts and exudates and the use of the data for risk assessment in water bodies.