Assembly of an unbalanced charged polyampholyte onto Nafion® to produce high-performance composite membranes

A novel SPES-NH2–GA-Nafion® composite membrane with higher proton conductivity and lower methanol permeability was fabricated by covalent crosslinking layer-by-layer self-assembly of an unbalanced charged polyampholyte (SPES-NH2) and glutaraldehyde (GA) with controllable free sulfonic acid content.