Mesenchymal Cells that Support Human Skin Regeneration

Human skin regeneration is highly dependent on the growth factors provided by mesenchymal support cells. Here we review the current understanding of the various cell types both heterotypic and homotypic that are capable of promoting the culture, expansion, and tissue regenerative ability of epidermal cells in both conventional 2D and organotypic 3D experimental model systems. We also review the potential mechanisms by which mesenchymal cells support epidermal cell proliferation and maturation including growth factors and extracellular matrix proteins. The advances made in recent years have been instrumental in beginning to understand the complex microenvironment or niche of epidermal stem and progenitors and how it can be manipulated to design more optimal clinical approaches for the treatment of skin deficits.