Robust charge order in overdoped (Bi,Pb)$_{2.12}$Sr$_{1.88}$CuO$_{6+\delta}$ outside the pseudogap regime

Charge modulations are considered as a leading competitor of high-temperature superconductivity in the underdoped cuprates, and their relationship to Fermi surface reconstructions and to the pseudogap state is an important subject of current research. Overdoped cuprates, on the other hand, are widely regarded as conventional Fermi liquids without collective electronic order. For the overdoped (Bi,Pb)2.12Sr1.88CuO6+{\delta} (Bi2201) high-temperature superconductor, here we report resonant x-ray scattering measurements revealing incommensurate charge order reflections, with correlation lengths of 40-60 lattice units, that persist up to at least 250K. Charge order is markedly more robust in the overdoped than underdoped regime but the incommensurate wave vectors follow a common trend; moreover it coexists with a single, unreconstructed Fermi surface, without pseudogap or nesting features, as determined from angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. This re-entrant charge order is reproduced by model calculations that consider a strong van Hove singularity within a Fermi liquid framework.