Modulatory Effect of Dietary Copper Nanoparticles and Vitamin C Supplementations on Growth Performance, Hematological and Immune Parameters, Oxidative Status, Histology, and Disease Resistance Against Yersinia Ruckeri in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss)

Copper and vitamin C are micronutrients needed for the living organism's functions. Vitamin C has a great effect on the immune system of fish. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary copper nanoparticles (Cu-NPs) and vitamin C (VC) supplementations on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) juveniles. So, 216 rainbow trout juveniles were randomly assigned to six groups with trial diets supplemented with Cu-NPs and VC including 0/0 (T1, control diet), 0/250 (T2), 0/500 (T3), 2/250 (T4), 2/500 (T5), and 2/0 (T6) mg Cu-NPs/VC per kg diet. After the feeding trial for 60 days, the fish were challenged with Yersinia ruckeri, and the survival rate was calculated for 15 days. Based on the data analysis, weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), lysozyme, alternative complement activity (ACH50), hematocrit (Hct), hemoglobin (Hb), and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) were significantly (p < 0.05) increased in the fish fed on T4 and T5 diets compared with the control group. Catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) were significantly (p < 0.05) decreased in the fish fed with diets contain Cu-NPs and VC (T4 and T5). The expressions of TNF-α, IL-1s, IL-10, SOD, CAT, and GPX genes were significantly (p < 0.05) decreased in the fish fed on T3, T4, and T5 diets versus the control. In addition, the dietary Cu-NPs and VC supplementations significantly enhanced resistance against pathogens and led to the control of infection in rainbow trout. In conclusion, Cu-NPs and VC administered as feed additives at 2/250-500 mg/kg elevated the growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and health of rainbow trout.