Synthesis and structure : activity relationships of dequalinium analogues as K+ channel blockers : investigations on the role of the charged heterocycle

Small conductance Ca 2+ -activated K + (SK Ca ) channels occur in many cells but have been relatively little studied. Dequalinium, a bis-quinolinium compound, has recently been shown to be the most potent nonpeptidic blocker of this K + channel subtype. This paper examines the importance of the quinolinium rings for blocking activity. Analogues of dequalinium were synthesised in which one quinolinium group was removed (1 and 2) or replaced by a triethylammonium group (3). They have been assayed in vitro for their ability to block the after-hyperpolarization (mediated by the opening of SK Ca channels) that follows the action potential in rat sympathetic neurones. The compound having one quinolinium and one triethylammonium group (3) showed reduced activity, and it is suggested that the stronger binding to the channel of the quinolinium relative to the triethylammonium group may be related to differences in their electrostatic potential energy maps. Two monoquaternary compounds (1 and 2) were tested, but they exhibited a different pharmacological profile that did not allow definite conclusions to be drawn concerning their potency as blockers of the SK Ca channel. Replacement of both quinolinium groups by pyridinium, acridinium, isoquinolinium, or benzimidazolium reduced but did not abolish activity. These results show that compounds having a number of different heterocyclic cations are capable of blocking the SK Ca channel. However, among the heterocycles studied, quinoline is optimal. Furthermore, charge delocalization seems to be important : the higher the degree of delocalization the more potent the compound.