Fungicide formulations influence their control efficacy by mediating physicochemical properties of spray dilutions and their interaction with target leaves

In this study, three types of pyraclostrobin formulations (including emulsifiable concentrate (EC), suspension concentrate (SC), and microcapsules (MCs)) were used to control cucumber anthracnose. Pyraclostrobin EC had the highest inhibitory activity against Colletotrichum orbiculare in vitro. Much different from the bioactivity in vitro, pyraclostrobin MCs exhibited the highest control efficacy on cucumber anthracnose both in pot and field experiments. The physicochemical properties (particle size, surface tension) of the spray dilution, their interaction with target leaves (contact angle, adhesional tension, work of adhesion, retention, crystallization) and dissipation dynamic of the active ingredient were found to be highly potential factors that would significantly influence the control efficacy of pesticide formulations. Results showed that the control efficacies of different formulations of pyraclostrobin were determined mainly by the final behavior of the pesticides at the target interface, namely,...