Environment Monitoring of Shanghai Nanhui Intertidal Zone With Dual-Polarimetric SAR Data Based on Deep Learning

Satellite-based synthetic aperture radar (SAR) can provide low-cost, frequent environment monitoring for dynamic intertidal zones. The critical problem is to realize pixel-level classification of SAR images of the intertidal zones with excellent and robust performance. Recently, deep learning, in particular deep convolutional neural networks, has provided us with promising solutions to this problem. Based on a sophisticated deep learning-based pixel-level classification model $\text{U}^{2}$ -Net, we propose an MB- $\text{U}^{2}$ -ACNet model suitable for intertidal zone land cover classification using dual-polarimetric SAR data integrated with environmental information, such as wind speed and tide level information. The MB- $\text{U}^{2}$ -ACNet model has a multibranch nested U-shaped encoding–decoding structure. We extract and fuse features from multiple data sources, including satellite remote sensing and environmental information, by establishing the multibranch structure. Furthermore, we propose an asymmetric convolution residual U-block for each encoding–decoding stage to improve the model’s feature extraction ability. Moreover, the model with attention mechanisms better distinguishes the importance of features from the channel’s perspectives and spatial dimensions. We construct a dataset with 106 Sentinel-1 SAR images from 2016 to 2020 for environmental monitoring in the intertidal zone of Shanghai Nanhui. On the dataset, the proposed model reaches the overall classification accuracy of 96.40% and the mean intersection over union score of 0.8307. The experiments show the advantages of the proposed model compared with the benchmarking models due to better feature extraction and multisource information fusion. In addition, the contributions of every added substructure are analyzed systematically.