Using fMRI neurofeedback to interrogate emotion, motivation, and social neurocognition

2021 
Abstract The ability to access aspects of the human experience that are highly individualized and thus challenging to elicit in a laboratory setting are among the unique opportunities offered by real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (rtfMRI) neurofeedback. Characterization of neural events that coincide with dynamic subjective experience offers a tremendous new advantage for the basic neuroscience of emotion, motivation, and social neurocognition. In this chapter, we review the small but burgeoning subfield of rtfMRI neurofeedback that explores questions related to social and affective neuroscience. We begin from a discussion of the diverse learning mechanisms that may contribute to behavioral and brain changes during neurofeedback and that may be particularly relevant for these affective functions. We offer a brief overview of the neural systems engaged in social and affective processes that have been targeted in prior neurofeedback studies. We then examine common research questions, and discuss representative empirical studies using rtfMRI neurofeedback within the domain of social and affective neuroscience. We conclude by identifying some exciting open questions and future directions.
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