Relation between sodium addition and excess selenium in Bridgman-grown CuInSe2
2011
Ingots containing cm-sized monocrystals of CuInSe 2 have been grown in quartz ampoules by a vertical-Bridgman
method. Included also in the ampoules were varying quantities of elemental Na, as well as excess Se above
stoichiometry. Deposits were seen within the ampoules after growth, including a white deposit formed through a
reaction of the Na with the quartz, and a reddish-brown deposit mostly containing Na and Se. Thermoelectric power
measurements indicate that stoichiometric material grown with no excess Se and no Na is p-type. With the addition of
Na above a critical amount to the ampoule, the resulting ingots were always n-type. This p to n conductivity type change
is inhibited when excess Se is also present, and more Na is required for the change to occur. The critical amount of Na
was found to be approximately twice the atomic amount of excess Se. XRD indicated that the chalcopyrite structure of
the material was maintained with additions of up to 3 at. % Na, even as the material was changed from p- to n-type, and
no sodium was detected in the bulk. It is suggested that a reaction between the Na and the Se occurs, resulting in the
formation of Na 2 Se. The Se used in this reaction is therefore unable to be a part of the CuInSe 2 lattice, thereby
increasing the number of donor-like Se vacancies, rendering it n-type. In this model, the addition of excess Se replaces
those Se atoms which react with the Na, so that the material remains p-type.
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