Human disturbance, behaviour and spatial distribution of black grouse in skiing areas in the Bavarian Alps

Although black grouse (Tetrao tetrix L.) are considered as highly susceptible to "human disturbance" they still occasionally can be observed next to even the busiest ski runs. To illustrate that this is no contradiction, but a result of the ecological and ethological plasticity of the species, observations of black grouse in popular skiing areas in the Bavarian Alps, Germany, are presented and discussed. Over a period of 11 years, the behaviour and spacing of black grouse during the winter and the display season were studied in relation to disturbances in an intensively used downhill skiing area. For comparison, observations of black grouse display sites are reported from a ski-touring area adjacent to another downhill ski resort and from an undeveloped ski-touring area. Dependent variable was the temporal and spatial pattern of habitat use by the black grouse, explanatory variables included the temporal and spatial distribution of skiers and snow-boarders on and off pistes, ski-run maintenance activities, snow-conditions and weather. Responses of black grouse to encounters with people or machines within distances of 10 m ranged from escape flights over interruptions of feeding, resting, or display behaviour to a continuation of the previous activity. Over the years, shifts became obvious in the use of winter feeding and resting sites and the numbers of wintering birds declined. At times and in areas with intensive disturbances, traditional lek sites were abandoned, and the cocks displayed solitarily and dispersed over large areas at temporary sites. The observations indicate that the fewer undisturbed patches with good habitat suitability remain in an area, the more critical human disturbance of black grouse has to be seen. The study resulted in recommendations to the relevant agencies, private organisations, and ski resort operators to establish undisturbed protection zones for black grouse within skiing areas.