Multiple direct and sequential Auger effect in the rare gases

The use of a magnetic bottle spectrometer with synchrotron radiation allows multi dimensional electron spectroscopy to be performed by detecting in coincidence all electrons (2, 3, 4) ejected in multiple ionization events. Multiple Auger effect following inner‐shell ionization can be investigated in this way. Application of the technique to rare gases (Xe 4d and Kr 3d) double Auger decay reveals all the energy pathways involved. The dominant decay path proceeds by Auger cascade through autoionizing states of the doubly charged ion. Processes where 3 electrons are involved are also observed as direct double Auger and as involving precursor Rydberg series.